Which mineral is known to result in oxidative damage when deficient due to its role in antioxidant enzyme activity?

Zinc plays a crucial role in the functioning of various antioxidant enzymes, most notably superoxide dismutase (SOD). This enzyme is essential for combating oxidative stress by converting superoxide radicals, which are harmful byproducts of cellular metabolism, into less harmful molecules. When zinc levels are deficient, the activity of SOD is impaired, leading to an accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). This accumulation can result in oxidative damage to cells, proteins, and DNA, contributing to various health issues and increasing the risk of chronic diseases.

In contrast, iron is also involved in oxidative processes and can contribute to oxidative stress when in excess, but this is different from its role when deficient. Calcium and phosphorus primarily play roles in bone health and metabolic functions but are not directly associated with the antioxidant defense mechanisms. Thus, the significance of zinc in the context of antioxidant enzyme activity and its deficiency resulting in oxidative damage makes it the correct choice in this scenario.