Which enzyme is largely responsible for the detoxification of hydrogen peroxide in the body?

Glutathione peroxidase plays a critical role in the detoxification of hydrogen peroxide in the body. This enzyme catalyzes the reaction that converts hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen, utilizing glutathione as a co-substrate. The process is essential for protecting cells from oxidative damage caused by reactive oxygen species, including hydrogen peroxide, which can accumulate during various metabolic processes and contribute to cellular injury if not efficiently removed.

The significant activity of glutathione peroxidase demonstrates its importance in maintaining cellular redox balance and overall health. Additionally, the presence of selenocysteine in its structure enhances its functionality, making it an effective antioxidant enzyme.

Other enzymes mentioned, such as superoxide dismutase, serve different but related roles in managing reactive oxygen species, primarily converting superoxide radicals to hydrogen peroxide. Lactate dehydrogenase is involved in anaerobic metabolism for converting pyruvate to lactate, while carbonic anhydrase primarily facilitates the conversion of carbon dioxide and water into bicarbonate and protons, thereby playing a role in acid-base balance rather than detoxifying hydrogen peroxide. Thus, glutathione peroxidase is specifically tailored to deal with hydrogen peroxide detoxification, which solidifies its primary responsibility in this context